|
The Algonquins are First Nation inhabitants of North America who speak the Algonquin language, a divergent dialect of the Ojibwe language, which is part of the Algonquian language family. Culturally and linguistically, they are closely related to the Odawa and Ojibwe, with whom they form the larger Anicinàpe (Anishinaabe) grouping. The Algonquin people call themselves ''Omàmiwinini'' (plural: ''Omàmiwininiwak'') or the more generalised name of ''Anicinàpe''. Though known by several names in the past, the most common term "Algonquin" has been suggested to derive from the Maliseet word ''elakómkwik'' (): "they are our relatives/allies".〔Campbell (1997:401 n. 133, 136)〕〔Bright, William (2004). ''Native American Place Names of the United States''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 32〕 The much larger heterogeneous group of Algonquian-speaking peoples, who, according to Brian Conwell, stretch from Virginia to the Rocky Mountains and north to Hudson Bay, was named after the tribe. Most Algonquins live in Quebec. The nine Algonquin bands in that province and one in Ontario have a combined population of about 11,000. (Popular usage reflects some confusion on the point. The term "Algonquin" is sometimes used, in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'', to refer to all Algonquian-speaking societies, although this is not correct.) Many Algonquins still speak the Algonquin language, called generally ''Anicinàpemowin'' or specifically ''Omàmiwininìmowin''. The language is considered one of several divergent dialects of the Anishinaabe languages. Among younger speakers, the Algonquin language has experienced strong word borrowings from the Cree language.〔Artuso, Christian. 1998. ''noogom gaa-izhi-anishinaabemonaaniwag: Generational Difference in Algonquin''. Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press.〕 Traditionally, the Algonquins lived in either a birch bark ''wìkiwàms'' or in wooden ''mìkiwàms''.〔Cuoq, Jean André. 1886. ''Lexique de la Langue Algonquine'', Montréal: J. Chapleau & Fils.〕 Today Algonquins live in housings like those of the general public. Traditionally, the Algonquins were practitioners of ''Midewiwin'' (the right path). They believed they were surrounded by many ''manitòk'' or spirits in the natural world. French missionaries converted many Algonquins to Catholicism in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, many of the people practice traditional ''Midewiwin'' or a syncretic merging of Christianity and Midewiwin. In the earliest oral history, the Algonquins say they migrated from the Atlantic coast. Together with other ''Anicinàpek'', they arrived at the "First Stopping Place" near Montreal. While the other ''Anicinàpe'' peoples continued their journey up the St. Lawrence River, the Algonquins settled along the ''Kitcisìpi'' (Ottawa River), a long-important highway for commerce, cultural exchange and transportation. Algonquin identity, though, was not fully realized until after the dividing of the Anicinàpek at the "Third Stopping Place". Scholars have used the oral histories, archeology, and linguistics to estimate this took place about 2000 years ago, near present-day Detroit. After contact with the Europeans, especially French and Dutch, the Algonquin nations became active in the fur trade. This led them to fight against the powerful Iroquois, whose confederacy was based in present-day New York. In 1570, the Algonquins formed an alliance with the Montagnais to the east, whose territory extended to the ocean. ==French Contact== The Algonquin first met Europeans when Samuel de Champlain came upon a party led by the ''Kitcisìpirini'' Chief Tessouat at Tadoussac, in eastern present-day Quebec, in the summer of 1603. They were celebrating a recent victory over the Iroquois, with the allied Montagnais and Etechemins (Malecite). Champlain did not understand that the Algonquins were socially united by a strong totem/clan system rather than the European-styled political concept of nationhood. The several Algonquin bands each had its own chief. Within each band, the chief depended on political approval from each of the band's clan leaders. Champlain needed to cultivate relationships with numerous chiefs and clan leaders. From 1603, some of the Algonquin allied with the French under Champlain. This alliance proved useful to the Algonquin, who previously had little to no access to European firearms. Champlain made his first exploration of the Ottawa River during May 1613 and reached the fortified ''Kitcisìpirini'' village at Morrison Island. Unlike the other Algonquin communities, the ''Kitcisìpiriniwak'' did not change location with the seasons. They had chosen a strategic point astride the trade route between the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. They prospered through the collection of beaver pelts from native traders passing through their territory. They also were proud of their corn fields. At first, the French used the term "Algonquin" only for a second group, the ''Wàwàckeciriniwak''. However, by 1615, they applied the name to all of the Algonquin bands living along the Ottawa River. Because of keen interest by tribes to gain control of the lower Ottawa River, the ''Kitcisìpiriniwak'' and the ''Wàwàckeciriniwak'' came under fierce opposition. These two large groups allied together, under the leadership of ''Sachem'' Charles Parcharini, to maintain the ''Omàmiwinini'' identity and territory. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Algonquin people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|